Table 1 Characteristics of included participants who received spinal manipulative therapy and home exercise and advice program (n = 40)
Age, years, mean (range) | 57.1 (29–80) |
Body Mass Index (BMI), mean (SD) | 28.1 (5.4) |
Gender, n (%) | |
 Female | 23 (57.5) |
 Male | 17 (42.5) |
Race, n (%) | |
 American Indian or Alaska Native | 3 (7.5) |
 Asian | 1 (2.5) |
 Black or African American | 2 (5.0) |
 White | 34 (85.0) |
Ethnicity, n (%) | |
 Hispanic or Latino | 2 (5.0) |
 Not Hispanic or Latino | 38 (95.0) |
Marital status, n (%) | |
 Married or living with significant other | 26 (65.0) |
 Divorced or separated | 5 (12.5) |
 Widowed | 6 (15.0) |
 Never been married | 3 (7.5) |
Highest level of education, n (%) | |
 High school graduate or GED | 5 (12.5) |
 Some college or other program, no degree | 9 (22.5) |
 Associate degree (academic or vocational) | 9 (22.5) |
 Bachelor’s degree | 8 (20.0) |
 Master’s degree | 6 (15.0) |
 Professional or doctoral degree | 3 (7.5) |
Employment status, n (%) | |
 Currently working full-time | 18 (45.0) |
 Currently working part-time | 5 (12.5) |
 Not currently employed | 3 (7.5) |
 Take care of house or family | 3 (7.5) |
 Retired (not due to health problems) | 9 (22.5) |
 Disabled and/or retired because of back or leg problems | 1 (2.5) |
 Other | 1 (2.5) |
Household income, n (%) | |
 Did not answer | 4 (10.0) |
 $10,000–24,999 | 3 (7.5) |
 $25,000–34,999 | 5 (12.5) |
 $35,000–49,000 | 7 (17.5) |
 $50,000–74,000 | 8 (20.0) |
 $75,000 or more | 13 (32.5) |
Amount of physical activity in daily routine, n (%) | |
 Very light | 3 (7.5) |
 Light | 13 (32.5) |
 Moderate | 20 (50.0) |
 Heavy | 3 (7.5) |
 Very heavy | 1 (2.5) |
Duration of leg pain, n (%) | |
 2–4 weeks | 1 (2.5) |
 More than 4 weeks | 39 (97.5) |
 Typical severity of leg pain in past week, mean (SD) | 5.6 (1.7) |
 Typical severity of low back pain in past week, mean (SD) | 5.5 (2.6) |
 RMDQ*, mean (std) | 10.9 (4.1) |