Preliminary insights into the effects of spinal manipulation therapy of different force magnitudes on blood biomarkers of oxidative stress and pro-resolution of inflammation mediators

Table 2 Mean ± SD of the force-time characteristics of the studied groups, number of participants presenting discomfort and cavitation after the correspondent interventions

Force-time characteristics	Group control (n = 5)		Group 400 N (n = 9)		Group 800 N (n = 5)
Preload (N)	202.4 ± 16.38		183.4 ± 14.24		197.8 ± 9.86
Total peak force (N)	N/A		383.7 ± 49.32		807.4 ± 47.71
Time to peak (ms)	N/A		101.1 ± 2.36		134 ± 14.80
Discomfort: VAS	Time 2	Time 3	Time 2	Time 3	Time 2	Time 3
Number of participants with VAS changes	0/5	0/5	0/9	0/9	1/5	0/5
Cavitation: Y:N	3:2		6:3		5:0

Preload: the force applied during the initial thoracic SMT (spinal manipulation therapy) positioning; Total peak force: the maximum force value of the thrust, including preload; Time to peak: the time elapsed from preload force to total peak force; SD: standard deviation; N: Newtons; ms: milliseconds; N/A: not applicable. Discomfort: the number of participants presenting any change on the visual analog scales (VAS, rating 0–10) for discomfort immediately after and 20 min after the intervention compared to baseline. Time 2 corresponds to immediately after the baseline. Time 3 corresponds to 20 min after the baseline. Cavitation: Number of participants per group for whom cavitation sound occurred. Y: yes, cavitation happened. N: no cavitation happened

ISSN: 2045-709X