Table 1 Semi-structured interview guide

What is your approach to the management of patients with chronic low back pain?

•What role do manual therapy, education, and exercises have in your daily practice?

Could you talk about your understanding of the BPS-E model?

•What are its strengthst?

•In your personal opinion and expertise, what are the limitations of the BPS-E model and the challenges associated with its implementation in patient care?

Could you talk about your understanding of the BPS-E model?

• What are its strengthst?

• In your personal opinion and expertise, what are the limitations of the BPS-E model and the challenges associated with its implementation in patient care?

• Is there resistance to change from the biomedical approach?

• What is the role of “biology”?

How does the BPS-E model inform the treatment and management of chronic pain, including, for example, the role in modulating pain, altering neuroplastic changes, and changing existing priors and beliefs?

•Which strategy do you use to reassure patients of their condition and to communicate with them?

Which are the social and psychological aspects that you consider in your case history? How do you assess these variables?

• What do psychosocial risk factors mean to you?

• How do you measure the evolution of these parameters?

How to use the BPS-E model in manual therapy?

•What are the perceptions of patients regarding this topic?

Do you consider the use of the BPS-E model as an added value in your clinical practice? If yes, why?

•How have the result of your treatments changed since the use of the BPS-E model?

•May you give some clinical examples?

Would you like to add some comments that were not explored in the topics of previous questions?

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