Table 3 Description of spinal manipulation studies
Author/s year, country | Kinematic variable assessed | Measurement equipment Metrological details reported? | Main results |
|---|---|---|---|
Bereznick et al. 2002, Canada (25) | Linear displacement of the hands | Video tape No | Linear (inferior to superior) displacement of provider hands: - Transverse process hook: mean (SD), range – 38.75 (12.3), 12.5 to 70.0 mm - Spinous process hook: mean (SD), range – 33.25 (8.5), 15.0 to 45.5 mm |
Lorme & Naqvi 2003, Australia (18) | Maximum sagittal flexion, axial rotational velocity, and maximum lateral velocity of lumbar spine | Video camera & ‘Lumbar Motion Monitor’ No | Workstation table height: - Significant difference for MSF as workstation table height was changed (F: 26.462, p = 0.002) - No significant difference for ARV (F: 0.007, p = 0.993) or MLV (F: 0.021, p = 0.979) - Significant difference between low and medium (F: 16.4, p = 0.007), medium and high (F: 27.0, p = 0.002), and low and high (F: 63.3, p = 0.000) for MSF - Lumbar MAN: medium vs. low table height reduced MSF by 13.9% (2.66 N*) - Thoracic MAN: medium vs. low table height reduced MSF by 35% (10.4°) - Cervical MAN: medium vs. low table height reduced MSF by 6% (2.2°); medium vs. high table height reduced by 22.7% (8.1°); low vs. high table height reduced MSF by 27.3% (10.3°) MAN tasks: - Significant difference for MSF (F: 52.701, p = 0.000), ARV (F: 26.993, p = 0.002), dominant elbow moment (F: 27.688, p = 0.002), and dominant shoulder moment (F: 20.165, p = 0.004) - Significant difference for MSF between lumbar and thoracic MAN (F: 93.4, p = 0.000) and thoracic and cervical MAN (F: 36.4, p = 0.001) o MSF was 32.8% (9°) less for thoracic vs. lumbar MAN o MSF was 43.8% (14.8°) less for thoracic vs. cervical MAN - Significant differences between lumbar and thoracic MAN (F: 33.8, p = 0.001) and thoracic and cervical MAN (F: 11.4, p = 0.015) and lumbar and cervical MAN (F: 60.5, p = 0.000) for ARV o Cervical (2.086°/s) vs. lumbar (4.295°/s) MAN reduced ARV by 51% (regardless of table height) o Cervical (2.086°/s) vs. thoracic (2.576°/s) MAN reduced ARV by 19% o Thoracic (2.576°/s) vs. lumbar (4.295°/s) MAN reduced ARV by 40% - MLV for lumbar MAN higher (28.6°/s) than for thoracic (21.4°/s) or cervical (21.5°/s) MAN |
Derian et al. 2020, USA (26) | Peak angular and linear velocity of the pelvis | MoCap No | - Experts exhibited higher peak pelvic angular velocity compared to novices in the frontal plane (p = 0.020) and transverse plane (p = 0.000) - Experts demonstrated greater downward pelvic linear velocity than third-year students and first-year students (p = 0.000) |
Weiner et al. 2022, USA (27) | Angular deviation and angular velocities of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spine | IMU No | Cervical: movement patterns (angular deviation)#; angular velocities - Sagittal: flexion, extension, flexion, extension (range: 26.0 to 2.9°); range: 137.3 to -170.3°/s - Frontal: left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion (range: 10.2 to -2.1°); 134.3 to -47.7°/s - Transverse: right axial rotation, left rotation after thrust (range: -6.0 to -16.9°); 205.8 to -75.1°/s Thoracic: movement patterns during MAN; angular velocities - Sagittal: flexion, extension, flexion, extension, flexion (range: 24.6 to 4.1°); range: 99.6 to -165.6°/s - Frontal: left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion (range: 6.0 to -12.2°); range: 140.3 to -127.7°/s - Transverse: right axial rotation, left or right axial rotation (range: 13.5 to -10.0°); range: 113.0 to -155.7°/s Lumbar: movement patterns during MAN; angular velocities - Sagittal: flexion, extension, oscillation flexion/extension (range: 41.9 to -23.7°); range: 48.7 to -69.2°/s - Frontal: left or right lateral flexion, left lateral flexion, right lateral flexion (range: 7.6 to -10.5°); range: 63.7 to -24.8°/s - Transverse: left axial rotation, (mostly) right axial rotation, left axial rotation (range; 20.3 to -2.8°); range: 49.5 to -100.0°/s |