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Table 6 Repeatability of force–time characteristics within and between sessions

From: Variability and repeatability of spinal manipulation force–time characteristics in thoracic spinal manipulation on a manikin

Characteristic

Within Session 1

Within Session 2

Between Sessions

MAD ± SD

ICC(2,1)

CI, p-value

MAD ± SD

ICC(2,1)

CI, p-value

MAD ± SD

ICC(2,1)

CI, p-value

Preload force (N)

19.52 ± 20.32

0.896

0.873–0.916, < 0.001

18.35 ± 23.42

0.922

0.901–0.940, < 0.001

34.25 ± 34.68

0.819

0.761–0.864, < 0.001

Release Force (N)

16.88 ± 17.85

0.890

0.866–0.911, < 0.001

17.41 ± 21.30

0.844

0.804–0.879, < 0.001

31.94 ± 33.45

0.783

0.716–0.836, < 0.001

Δ Preload and release force (N)

9.16 ± 13.32

0.757

0.710–0.799, < 0.001

11.32 ± 19.09

0.644

0.568–0.714, < 0.001

14.80 ± 23.95

0.578

0.466–0.672, < 0.001

Peak force (N)

39.57 ± 41.94

0.940

0.926–0.951, < 0.001

37.73 ± 33.49

0.957

0.945–0.967, < 0.001

57.06 ± 53.05

0.916

0.888–0.938, < 0.001

Thrust force (N)

37.44 ± 34.54

0.932

0.917–0.945, < 0.001

38.21 ± 36.83

0.918

0.895–0.937, < 0.001

54.06 ± 54.03

0.894

0.858–0.921, < 0.001

Maximum thrust speed (N/s)

651.24 ± 658.70

0.915

0.596–0.931, < 0.001

732.78 ± 672.22

0.909

0.884–0.930, < 0.001

941.92 ± 892.90

0.884

0.845–0.913, < 0.001

Rate of force application (N/s)

413.51 ± 450.39

0.874

0.847–0.897, < 0.001

386.71 ± 404.74

0.873

0.839–0.902, < 0.001

488.71 ± 477.70

0.879

0.838–0.909, < 0.001

Thrust impulse (Ns)

757.12 ± 773.18

0.784

0.742–0.822, < 0.001

691.08 ± 853.28

0.790

0.738–0.835, < 0.001

982.07 ± 895.78

0.828

0.773–0.871, < 0.001

Preload duration (ms)

30.39 ± 38.14

0.658

0.598–0.713, < 0.001

22.33 ± 35.15

0.762

0.704–0.812, < 0.001

37.01 ± 40.66

0.744

0.666–0.805, < 0.001

Thrust duration (ms)

1.33 ± 2.59

0.003

0.000–0.074, 0.522

2.37 ± 8.94

0.305

0.207–0.406, 0.406

7.44 ± 29.67

0.017

0.000–0.170, 0.415

Resolution duration (ms)

6.67 ± 8.27

0.787

0.745–0.825, < 0.001

6.07 ± 6.43

0.767

0.710–0.816, < 0.001

11.17 ± 10.96

0.789

0.724–0.841, < 0.001

Total duration (ms)

22.13 ± 32.71

0.600

0.534–0.662, < 0.001

25.95 ± 37.77

0.699

0.630–0.759, < 0.001

47.44 ± 48.32

0.698

0.609–0.769, < 0.001

  1. N = Newton; N/s = Newtons per second; Ns = Newton second; ms = millisecond; MAD = mean absolute difference; SD = standard deviation; CI = 95% confidence interval