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Table 1 Definition of force–time profile characteristics

From: Variability and repeatability of spinal manipulation force–time characteristics in thoracic spinal manipulation on a manikin

Force–time characteristic

Definition

Preload force, N

Local maximum, delimited by T0 and T2

Release force, N

Force at T2

Δ Preload and release force, N

Force at T1–Force at T2

Peak force, N

Force at T3

Thrust force, N

Force at T3–Force at T2

Maximum thrust speed, N/s

Maximum of first derivative of the force time-profile

Rate of force application, N/s

(Peak force–release force)/thrust duration

Thrust impulse, Ns

Area under the curve from T2 to T4

Preload duration, ms

T2–T0

Thrust duration, ms

T3–T2

Resolution duration, ms

T4–T3

Total duration, ms

T4–T0

  1. N = Newton; N/s = Newtons per second; Ns = Newton second; ms = millisecond